Yearbook Telecommunications

Peculiarities of Requirements for Integrated Services Based on Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Technologies

Tsvetelina Simeonova — 2025-12-30

The aim of the work is to clarify the essential characteristics of the requirements for integrated services based on artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. As a result, the described features of the general requirements for complex integrated systems in IoT/IloT with built-in artificial intelligence techniques and methods were obtained. As a contribution point, the summary made of specific requirements for IoT services based on AI/ML can be pointed out.

Promising Specialized Systems for Detecting and Responding to Threats in Cybersecurity

Tsvetelina Simeonova — 2025-12-30

The aim of this work is to study promising specialized systems for detecting and responding to threats in cybersecurity. To achieve this goal, an analysis has been made and the characteristics of specialized systems for detecting and responding to threats have been systematized. The comparisons made between the different options for using the systems and some possible interdependencies between them for providing convergent services are of particular interest.

Peculiarities of the Thread Protocol in Smart Home

Tsvetelina Simeonova — 2025-12-30

The purpose of the work is to analyse the features of the Thread protocol in Smart Home. The results obtained are related to highlighting the general and specific characteristics of the Thread protocol, relevant to the construction of Smart Home. In this regard, the types and roles of Thread devices are given. The key advantage of the protocol for working in a network with a "mesh" topology is also analysed. The contributions of the work are the analysed features of specific protocols in Smart Home.

Professions for New Technologies

Tereza Stefanova — 2025-12-30

The development of technology leads to significant breakthroughs in various industries, and positions related to technology are the fastest growing.

The article examines some of the most common professions that have been created by new technologies, the most important sectors of application, required skills and experience. Trends in the search for specialists in technology fields for 2021 - 2022 are presented, as well as the fastest growing jobs for 2025-2030. Among the technology fields with job growth, the field of big data and artificial intelligence, software and cybersecurity stand out.

Cybersecurity in Data Centers Based on Artificial Intelligence

Rosen Pasarelski — 2025-12-30

This article examines the problems and solutions related to cybersecurity in data centers based on artificial intelligence. With the growing role of digital technologies and the increase in the volume of processed data, data centers are becoming critical infrastructure requiring a high level of protection. The integration of artificial intelligence into the cybersecurity management of these systems enables automated threat detection, real-time network traffic analysis, and adaptive incident response. The aim of the article is to present a systematic analysis of the main cyber threats affecting modern data centers, to evaluate existing protection methods, and to explore the role of artificial intelligence as a tool for increasing their security and autonomy. Additionally, it aims to identify problems related to the implementation of intelligent systems, as well as outline trends in the development of secure and self-governing infrastructures. The results achieved include a classification of the main types of cyber threats, an assessment of the effectiveness of traditional defense mechanisms, and an analysis of the advantages of AI-based approaches, including machine learning algorithms, deep learning, and behavioral analysis. The study shows that the use of intelligent systems significantly improves the ability to detect anomalies early, reduces incident response time, and increases the resilience of the infrastructure against complex and unknown attacks.

Cyber Threats and Counteraction in Data Centers

Rosen Pasarelski — 2025-12-30

With the rapid development of communication and information technologies, data centers are becoming a critical infrastructure exposed to complex and evolving cyber threats. This study analyzes the main categories of threats, including malware, ransomware attacks, insider threats, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, as well as vulnerabilities in network and physical security. The increasing role of automation and artificial intelligence in modern cyber-attacks is emphasized, which complicates the processes of their detection and neutralization. The aim of the article is to examine the characteristics of modern cyber threats and to formulate effective approaches to protect data centers through integrated cybersecurity models. The scientific contributions include the systematization of current threats, identification of critical vulnerabilities, and development of a conceptual model for multi-layered protection, combining technological and organizational mechanisms. The results of the study show that the implementation of integrated solutions based on early detection, anomaly analysis and effective access management leads to a significant increase in the security and reliability of data centers, as well as a reduction in incident response time.

Efficiency of Dynamic Radio Spectrum Management in Europe Through Artificial Intelligence

Teodora Pasarelska — 2025-12-30

With the increasing demand for wireless communications, effective spectrum management is becoming a key factor for the development of 5G and future 6G networks. Traditional static licensing methods show limitations in dynamic and heterogeneous network environments, which leads to the need for intelligent and adaptive solutions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of dynamic spectrum management using artificial intelligence (AI) in Europe, assessing the advantages and limitations of AI-based approaches compared to conventional methods and examining the role of European regulators in spectrum harmonisation and standardisation. The paper presents an analysis of key indicators such as spectral efficiency, spectrum utilisation, latency and energy efficiency, showing that AI-based models significantly increase efficiency, minimise interference and enable real-time adaptive traffic management. The main contribution of the study is to provide an integrated framework that links technological innovations, regulatory requirements and strategic recommendations for sustainable and intelligent spectrum management in the context of future 6G networks.

Analysis of the use of terahertz spectrum in 6G and the role of European standards

Teodora Pasarelska — 2025-12-30

The topic of the report is aimed at analyzing the sixth generation of mobile communications (6G), which is expected to use the terahertz (THz) spectrum as a key resource to achieve speeds in the order of terabits per second. Despite the enormous capacity, this spectrum poses serious technical, infrastructural and regulatory challenges. This article aims to examine the main limitations in the use of THz frequencies, as well as to assess their characteristics and their impact on future communication networks. Key factors such as propagation losses, range, hardware limitations and the need for new network architectures are analyzed. As a result of the study, it is established that the effective use of THz spectrum requires an integrated approach, including hybrid networks, intelligent resource management and the implementation of new technological solutions. Special attention is paid to the role of European standardization organizations such as ETSI and ITU, which provide the necessary framework for compatibility, harmonization and safe operation of 6G technologies. The main contribution of the article is expressed in the systematization of the main challenges and the outline of guidelines for overcoming them through standardization and innovation.

Integration of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks in 6G

Teodora Pasarelska — 2025-12-30

The sixth generation of mobile communications (6G) is expected to provide global connectivity through the integration of terrestrial and satellite networks. This concept, known as Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), has the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional cellular networks and provide coverage in remote and hard-to-reach areas. This article aims to analyze the architecture and operating principles of integrated networks, as well as to assess their role in future 6G systems. Key technological aspects such as interaction between different types of orbits (LEO, MEO, GEO), resource management and ensuring continuous connectivity are considered. The main problems associated with delays, interference and complexity in the integration between terrestrial and satellite segments are analyzed. Special attention is paid to regulatory requirements and the role of standardization organizations such as ETSI, ITU and 3GPP in ensuring compatibility and global harmonization. As a result of the study, it is established that the effective integration of NTN is an essential factor in achieving universal connectivity and the development of 6G networks. The main contribution of the article is expressed in the systematization of architectural models and the identification of critical factors for the successful implementation of integrated communication systems.

“SYMBIOSIS”: Interdisciplinary Collaboration Between Art and Biology in Higher Education – Exploring Educational and Creative Opportunities

Asya Asenova — 2025-12-30

This article emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in biology education for fostering students’ creative thinking and scientific literacy. The “Symbiosis” project represents such an initiative, bringing together students from the National Academy of Arts and the Faculty of Biology at Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski.” Its primary aim is to establish a connection between art and nature through the creation of fashion garments and artistic installations inspired by exhibits from the National Museum of Natural History. The project combines artistic creativity with biological research and facilitates the exchange of knowledge and skills among students from different disciplines. The final outcome includes unique fashion garments that synthesize the forms, colors, and structures of nature with artistic expression and scientific knowledge, visualizing the interaction between biology and design. “Symbiosis” illustrates the potential of interdisciplinary projects to enrich the educational process, promote creativity, and create new pathways for the integration of art and science.

AI-Generated and Student-Created Comics as a Tool for Enhancing Environmental Education

Asya Asenova — 2025-12-30

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education provides opportunities for innovative instructional strategies that combine technology, creativity, and teacher facilitation. This study investigates the effectiveness of AI-generated and student-created comics in enhancing environmental learning among students in grades 5–10, while also examining implications for teacher practice in technology integration. A quasi-experimental, mixed-methods design was implemented across 15 schools in Bulgaria. Three instructional approaches were compared: traditional text-based instruction, AI-generated comics, and student-created comics. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests on environmental knowledge, motivation questionnaires, cognitive load assessments, and thematic analyses of student-created comics. Results indicate that both AI-generated and student-created comics significantly improve students’ conceptual understanding, engagement, and environmental awareness. Student-created comics additionally foster creativity, collaboration, and personal connection to ecological issues. Findings highlight the role of teachers in scaffolding technology-enhanced learning and suggest that combining AI resources with student creativity represents a promising model for integrating digital tools into science instruction.

Application of Adaptive Systems with Artificial Intelligence in The Professional Training of Pre-Service Biology Teachers – Opportunities and Perspectives

Asya Asenova — 2025-12-30

This article examines the application of adaptive learning systems with artificial intelligence (AI) in the training of future biology teachers. These systems personalize the learning process according to students’ knowledge, interests, and pace, providing adaptive content, tasks, and real-time feedback. The OATutor platform illustrates how AI supports the acquisition of biological concepts, develops critical thinking, and enhances digital competencies. Through integration with Moodle and interactive features, an environment is created that combines automation, pedagogical support, and an individualized approach to learning. Three case studies – personalized explanations with generative AI, project-based learning with a virtual AI assistant, and virtual laboratories for experimental learning – demonstrate how adaptive systems foster critical thinking, engagement, and the development of professional and digital competencies in students. The article emphasizes that intelligent AI systems can be a valuable tool for contemporary biology education, combining automation, personalization, and pedagogical expertise in a single integrated environment.

Analytical Study of IaaS Models in Infrastructure Management

Alena Dobreva — 2025-12-30

The IT infrastructure of an organization provides the foundation for business processes, customer services, and supplier interactions. Ideally, IT infrastructure should be aligned with both business strategy and information systems strategy. Emerging information technologies significantly influence these strategies and enable new service delivery models. This paper presents an analytical study of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) as a paradigm for IT infrastructure management. It examines the core concepts, architectural principles, and key characteristics of IaaS, as well as its role in modern cloud computing environments. Special attention is given to the transformation of traditional infrastructure management through virtualization and dynamic resource allocation. The study highlights the theoretical foundations of IaaS and its contribution to improved scalability, flexibility, and operational efficiency.